Medieval Controversies

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The medieval period existed from A.D. 590-1517 (when Gregory the Great was inaugurated as Bishop of  Rome) until 1517 (Reformation began by posting 95 theses on the door post of Wittenberg in Germany by Martin Luther). It is a period about 1000 years and it is called the papal church and the church in the Dark Age. Many Roman Catholic doctrines were developed during the medieval period.

Purgatory: This doctrine includes 595 by Gregory I.

Prayer: To Mary, Saints and Angels, in 600 A.D. that doctrine was formulated in 600 A.D.

Kissing: Pope’s foot 709 A.D.

Canonization: Death of saints in 995 A.D.

Celibacy of the priesthood in 1075 A.D.

The doctrine of Transubstantiation and confession of sins to priest in 1215 A.D.

The seven Sacraments was developed 1439 A.D., (Baptism, Conformation, Marriage, Extreme unction, Eucharist, Penance, Ordination). There are a number of controversies: i. Iconoclastic controversy, ii. Filioque controversy, iii. Predestination  controversy, iv. Lord Supper controversy.

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Difference between Apostolic Fathers and Church Fathers

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The apostolic fathers were the follower of the apostles; they were either known the apostles and the  immediate disciples of the apostle. They represent the writings of those who were still alive during the  lifetime of N.T apostles, or they were contemporary of the apostles. They were men who knew the  apostles and apostolic doctrine continue the task of writing Christian literature. These men were known  as the apostolic fathers. While the church fathers were the title given to bishop in 2nd and 3rd centuries to describe the orthodox  champion of the church and the exponent of the faith, and defender of the Christian faith. The writings of apostolic fathers must be distinguished from N.T Apocrypha because of two points:  Their writings are rooted in the historical situation of the church;  They are generally orthodox rather than Gnostic. The apostolic fathers wrote what was devotional and edifying the church, but the apologist product  literature that defended the faith. The fathers
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